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    <title>Qualla: Battle of the Chernaya</title>
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    <description><![CDATA[A doomed dawn assault across a Crimean river in 1855, watched by a young Leo Tolstoy, who turned his grief into the only poem he ever wrote.]]></description>
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    <itunes:summary><![CDATA[A doomed dawn assault across a Crimean river in 1855, watched by a young Leo Tolstoy, who turned his grief into the only poem he ever wrote.]]></itunes:summary>
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      <title>Qualla: Battle of the Chernaya</title>
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      <title>Battle of the Chernaya: Introduction</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-the-chernaya/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Alexandco, CC BY-SA 3.0. A young artillery officer named Leo Tolstoy stood on the heights above the Chernaya River on the morning of 16 August 1855 and watched men die in clusters. Below him, Russian soldiers waded the cold water and started up the far slope into the rising sun, and the enemy guns found them. Shells burst among the ranks; the advance dissolved. Before the morning was out the survivors were streaming back, leaving thousands of their comrades on the hillside. Tolstoy came away sickened, and out of that horror he wrote the only verse of his life. The place he described was this narrow valley near Sevastopol, where a Russian offensive died almost as soon as it began.]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Alexandco, CC BY-SA 3.0. A young artillery officer named Leo Tolstoy stood on the heights above the Chernaya River on the morning of 16 August 1855 and watched men die in clusters. Below him, Russian soldiers waded the cold water and started up the far slope into the rising sun, and the enemy guns found them. Shells burst among the ranks; the advance dissolved. Before the morning was out the survivors were streaming back, leaving thousands of their comrades on the hillside. Tolstoy came away sickened, and out of that horror he wrote the only verse of his life. The place he described was this narrow valley near Sevastopol, where a Russian offensive died almost as soon as it began.</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-the-chernaya/">Battle of the Chernaya on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Alexandco | CC BY-SA 3.0</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Battle of the Chernaya: An Attack No One Believed In</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-the-chernaya/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Dmitry A. Mottl, CC BY-SA 3.0. The battle was ordered from the top and doubted at every level below it. With Sevastopol under a punishing allied siege, Tsar Alexander II wanted his commander in Crimea, Prince Mikhail Gorchakov, to strike before enemy reinforcements arrived, hoping a victory might force a favor...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Dmitry A. Mottl, CC BY-SA 3.0. The battle was ordered from the top and doubted at every level below it. With Sevastopol under a punishing allied siege, Tsar Alexander II wanted his commander in Crimea, Prince Mikhail Gorchakov, to strike before enemy reinforcements arrived, hoping a victory might force a favor...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-the-chernaya/">Battle of the Chernaya on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Dmitry A. Mottl | CC BY-SA 3.0</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Battle of the Chernaya: Twenty Minutes on the Fedyukhin Heights</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-the-chernaya/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Adolf Schreyer, Public domain. The Russians came on before dawn under cover of fog, some 47,000 infantry with cavalry and 270 guns, moving toward the Traktir Bridge. Then confusion undid them. Gorchakov sent his generals a vague note, "Let's start it," and General Read, unsure what exactly he was meant to star...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Adolf Schreyer, Public domain. The Russians came on before dawn under cover of fog, some 47,000 infantry with cavalry and 270 guns, moving toward the Traktir Bridge. Then confusion undid them. Gorchakov sent his generals a vague note, "Let's start it," and General Read, unsure what exactly he was meant to star...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-the-chernaya/">Battle of the Chernaya on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Adolf Schreyer | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Battle of the Chernaya: The Poet on the Hill</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-the-chernaya/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit George Dodd (1808–1881), Public domain. Among the thousands who witnessed the slaughter was Count Leo Tolstoy, then an unknown officer, not yet the author of War and Peace. He blamed the disaster on the incompetence of generals who had drawn their plans on paper and forgotten the ground itself. His anger found an outle...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit George Dodd (1808–1881), Public domain. Among the thousands who witnessed the slaughter was Count Leo Tolstoy, then an unknown officer, not yet the author of War and Peace. He blamed the disaster on the incompetence of generals who had drawn their plans on paper and forgotten the ground itself. His anger found an outle...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-the-chernaya/">Battle of the Chernaya on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: George Dodd (1808–1881) | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Battle of the Chernaya: The Cost and the Reckoning</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-the-chernaya/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Frizzoni (?), Bergamo, Public domain. The defeat was total. Though they had numbers on their side, the Russians lost the battle and suffered nearly five times the casualties of the French, Sardinian, and Ottoman forces opposing them. The Tsar's hope of bargaining from strength was gone. There was one lasting conseque...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Frizzoni (?), Bergamo, Public domain. The defeat was total. Though they had numbers on their side, the Russians lost the battle and suffered nearly five times the casualties of the French, Sardinian, and Ottoman forces opposing them. The Tsar's hope of bargaining from strength was gone. There was one lasting conseque...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-the-chernaya/">Battle of the Chernaya on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Frizzoni (?), Bergamo | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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