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    <title>Qualla: Hamdullahi</title>
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    <description><![CDATA[A holy city raised from the Sahel mud in 1820, capital of a Fulani empire of scholars - razed in a single bloody campaign forty-two years later, and never rebuilt.]]></description>
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    <itunes:summary><![CDATA[A holy city raised from the Sahel mud in 1820, capital of a Fulani empire of scholars - razed in a single bloody campaign forty-two years later, and never rebuilt.]]></itunes:summary>
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      <title>Hamdullahi: Introduction</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/hamdullahi/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The name itself is a prayer. Hamdullahi - from the Arabic for "Praise to God" - was not a town that grew slowly from a crossroads or a market. It was conceived whole, a planned holy capital laid out on the flat plain east of the Bani River in 1820. For a little over four decades it was the beating heart of one of West Africa's most remarkable states. Then it was destroyed so thoroughly that today its outline survives mainly as faint walls in the dust, visible from space but nearly invisible from the road - the ruins of an empire that praised God and ruled the Inner Niger Delta.]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The name itself is a prayer. Hamdullahi - from the Arabic for "Praise to God" - was not a town that grew slowly from a crossroads or a market. It was conceived whole, a planned holy capital laid out on the flat plain east of the Bani River in 1820. For a little over four decades it was the beating heart of one of West Africa's most remarkable states. Then it was destroyed so thoroughly that today its outline survives mainly as faint walls in the dust, visible from space but nearly invisible from the road - the ruins of an empire that praised God and ruled the Inner Niger Delta.</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/hamdullahi/">Hamdullahi on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sun, 14 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Hamdullahi: A City Built on Conviction</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/hamdullahi/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hamdullahi was the vision of Seku Amadu, a Fulani Islamic scholar and reformer who set out to build a state governed by faith. Around 1820 he founded his capital here, on a site 21 kilometers southeast of Mopti, hemmed by the Bani River to the west and the Bandiagara plateau to t...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hamdullahi was the vision of Seku Amadu, a Fulani Islamic scholar and reformer who set out to build a state governed by faith. Around 1820 he founded his capital here, on a site 21 kilometers southeast of Mopti, hemmed by the Bani River to the west and the Bandiagara plateau to t...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/hamdullahi/">Hamdullahi on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Hamdullahi: The Empire of Scholars</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/hamdullahi/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Massina Empire that Hamdullahi commanded was no mere chiefdom. At the height of its power a standing army of 10,000 men was garrisoned in the city, and Seku Amadu is said to have ordered the construction of six hundred madrasas across his domain to spread Islamic learning. Ye...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Massina Empire that Hamdullahi commanded was no mere chiefdom. At the height of its power a standing army of 10,000 men was garrisoned in the city, and Seku Amadu is said to have ordered the construction of six hundred madrasas across his domain to spread Islamic learning. Ye...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/hamdullahi/">Hamdullahi on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sun, 14 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Hamdullahi: Three Battles, Seventy Thousand Dead</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/hamdullahi/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The end came in 1862. El Hadj Umar Tall, a Toucouleur conqueror leading his own jihad westward, turned on the Massina state. On March 16, 1862, Hamdullahi fell to him after three major battles - a campaign so ruinous that the death toll is remembered at more than 70,000. These we...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The end came in 1862. El Hadj Umar Tall, a Toucouleur conqueror leading his own jihad westward, turned on the Massina state. On March 16, 1862, Hamdullahi fell to him after three major battles - a campaign so ruinous that the death toll is remembered at more than 70,000. These we...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/hamdullahi/">Hamdullahi on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sun, 14 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Hamdullahi: What the Sand Keeps</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/hamdullahi/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hamdullahi was never rebuilt as a living city, and that abandonment is its own kind of preservation. The mudbrick walls and parts of the original street grid still trace the town's outline on satellite imagery, a ghost map of an empire's ambition pressed into the Sahel. The mosqu...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hamdullahi was never rebuilt as a living city, and that abandonment is its own kind of preservation. The mudbrick walls and parts of the original street grid still trace the town's outline on satellite imagery, a ghost map of an empire's ambition pressed into the Sahel. The mosqu...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/hamdullahi/">Hamdullahi on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sun, 14 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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