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    <title>Qualla: Old Towns of Djenné</title>
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    <description><![CDATA[Beneath and beside the living town lie four ancient sites, including one of sub-Saharan Africa's oldest cities, settled before Rome ruled the Mediterranean.]]></description>
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    <itunes:author>Qualla</itunes:author>
    <itunes:summary><![CDATA[Beneath and beside the living town lie four ancient sites, including one of sub-Saharan Africa's oldest cities, settled before Rome ruled the Mediterranean.]]></itunes:summary>
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      <title>Qualla: Old Towns of Djenné</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/old-towns-of-djenne</link>
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      <title>Old Towns of Djenné: Introduction</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/old-towns-of-djenne/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Francesco Bandarin, CC BY-SA 3.0 igo. Two American archaeologists dug a deep trench into a mound southeast of Djenné in 1977, and again in 1981, and kept going down. Six meters of human occupation lay stacked beneath their feet - pottery, iron, the residue of generations. At the bottom they reached a settlement that had been founded around 250 BC, when iron-working herders and fishers first built here. Susan and Roderick McIntosh had located one of the oldest cities in sub-Saharan Africa, a place that challenged a long-held assumption: that great urban life in West Africa had to wait for outsiders to bring it. It had not. The city beneath the mound, Djenné-Djeno - 'Old Djenné' - had grown on its own.]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Francesco Bandarin, CC BY-SA 3.0 igo. Two American archaeologists dug a deep trench into a mound southeast of Djenné in 1977, and again in 1981, and kept going down. Six meters of human occupation lay stacked beneath their feet - pottery, iron, the residue of generations. At the bottom they reached a settlement that had been founded around 250 BC, when iron-working herders and fishers first built here. Susan and Roderick McIntosh had located one of the oldest cities in sub-Saharan Africa, a place that challenged a long-held assumption: that great urban life in West Africa had to wait for outsiders to bring it. It had not. The city beneath the mound, Djenné-Djeno - 'Old Djenné' - had grown on its own.</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/old-towns-of-djenne/">Old Towns of Djenné on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Francesco Bandarin | CC BY-SA 3.0 igo</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sun, 14 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>1</itunes:episode>
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      <title>Old Towns of Djenné: The City That Rose and Vanished</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/old-towns-of-djenne/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Francesco Bandarin, CC BY-SA 3.0 igo. Djenné-Djeno did not stay small. Over the centuries after its founding it grew into a substantial walled town, its people throwing up a mud-brick wall around the settlement by about 800 AD. At its height it may have held some twenty thousand people across the city and its satelli...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Francesco Bandarin, CC BY-SA 3.0 igo. Djenné-Djeno did not stay small. Over the centuries after its founding it grew into a substantial walled town, its people throwing up a mud-brick wall around the settlement by about 800 AD. At its height it may have held some twenty thousand people across the city and its satelli...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/old-towns-of-djenne/">Old Towns of Djenné on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Francesco Bandarin | CC BY-SA 3.0 igo</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sun, 14 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>2</itunes:episode>
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      <title>Old Towns of Djenné: Four Sites, One Story</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/old-towns-of-djenne/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Francesco Bandarin, CC BY-SA 3.0 igo. When UNESCO inscribed this place on the World Heritage list in 1988, it did not list a single ruin but an ensemble. The 'Old Towns of Djenné' bundles together four archaeological sites - Djenné-Djeno, Hambarkétolo, Kaniana, and Tonomba - alongside the living town itself. The reas...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Francesco Bandarin, CC BY-SA 3.0 igo. When UNESCO inscribed this place on the World Heritage list in 1988, it did not list a single ruin but an ensemble. The 'Old Towns of Djenné' bundles together four archaeological sites - Djenné-Djeno, Hambarkétolo, Kaniana, and Tonomba - alongside the living town itself. The reas...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/old-towns-of-djenne/">Old Towns of Djenné on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Francesco Bandarin | CC BY-SA 3.0 igo</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sun, 14 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>3</itunes:episode>
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      <title>Old Towns of Djenné: Built on Hillocks Against the Flood</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/old-towns-of-djenne/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit CC BY 2.5. The deep history and the living town share a single problem: water. Every year the rivers rise. The ancient builders answered it the same way their descendants still do, raising their settlements on low mounds, called toguere, that lift the buildings above the seasonal flood. Nea...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit CC BY 2.5. The deep history and the living town share a single problem: water. Every year the rivers rise. The ancient builders answered it the same way their descendants still do, raising their settlements on low mounds, called toguere, that lift the buildings above the seasonal flood. Nea...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/old-towns-of-djenne/">Old Towns of Djenné on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: CC BY 2.5</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sun, 14 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>4</itunes:episode>
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      <title>Old Towns of Djenné: The Cost of Living History</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/old-towns-of-djenne/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Francesco Bandarin, CC BY-SA 3.0 igo. Protecting a place where people still live is harder than protecting an empty one. From 2005 onward the World Heritage Committee grew openly critical of conditions at Djenné, and its reports captured a genuine tension. Residents and officials, one 2006 report noted, felt they wer...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Francesco Bandarin, CC BY-SA 3.0 igo. Protecting a place where people still live is harder than protecting an empty one. From 2005 onward the World Heritage Committee grew openly critical of conditions at Djenné, and its reports captured a genuine tension. Residents and officials, one 2006 report noted, felt they wer...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/old-towns-of-djenne/">Old Towns of Djenné on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Francesco Bandarin | CC BY-SA 3.0 igo</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sun, 14 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:duration>0:06</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:episode>5</itunes:episode>
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